Quackery and Medicine Shows
Of the alternative medicine in the Wild West
Reading time: approx. 6 minutes.
Friday, January 15, 2021
Winter is the season of the runny nose and constantly frosty hands. The common cold plagues us and we get sick. All this is by far nothing unusual and we know very well by now how to cure ourselves again. But how did people actually deal with illnesses and ailments in the Old West?

Certainly, at that time there were already practicing doctors, but among them were also some quacks and charlatans, who were able to build a prestigious reputation. With the healing effects of magic in combination with extravagant ingredients, they made their profit from the uninformed people.
Schließlich taten reißerische Produktnamen wie „Ägyptischer Regulierungstee“ (Egyptian Regulator Tea) und Medizinshows ihr übriges, um zum Kauf anzuregen.[1]
But who were these men and women and how could so many people fall for them?

Great Britain and the Quack Boom in America
In the 17th and 18th centuries, people still had little understanding of the causes of disease. It was therefore not surprising that so-called patent medicine conquered the market - first in Great Britain and then in the British colonies in North America. In contrast to locally produced and used remedies, the big advertising drum was beaten for these substances. In some cases provided with genuine royal patents, they created confidence among the population and found correspondingly large sales, especially from the beginning of the 18th century.[2]
Bis 1830 listeten britische Parlamentsakten über 1.300 verschiedene patentierte „Medikamente“ auf, von denen die meisten nach modernen Maßstäben nichts weiter waren, als das Gepansche von Quacksalbern.[2]
During the American Revolution and after the War of 1812, the British market lost influence in America. However, the resulting gaps were quickly filled with American products, in order to set themselves apart from England. The golden era of the manufactured products in America was in the years after the Civil War from 1865 onwards.[2]

It's all a question of marketing
Unter den ersten Produkten, die in Massen hergestellt wurden, fiel unter anderem „Daffy’s Elixir“. Der Erfinder des Trankes, ein englischer Pfarrer mit dem Namen Thomas Daffy, soll das Gebräu bereits im Jahre 1647 zu Papier getragen haben. Nach seinem Ableben führte seine Tochter Catherine zusammen mit einigen seiner Verwandten die Marke weiter. Das Produkt, das ursprünglich nur gegen Magenverstimmungen helfen sollte, wurde bereits zu Lebzeiten Daffy’s nach und nach weiter entwickelt, bis es schließlich gegen sämtliche Krankheiten helfen sollte. Es trug daher auch den Namen Elixir Salutis – der Trank der Gesundheit.[3]
Bottle of Daffy's Elixir Salutis (center).
When more influential companies were able to claim the rights to the elixir, they achieved a breakthrough in America. The brand eventually became so famous that it was even mentioned in Charles Dickens' book Oliver Twist.[3]
The ingredients of the potion, of course, did not help against the multitude of diseases, as originally advertised, and yet it created a large distribution in England and America.

Die Zutaten eines „unwiderstehlichen Produktes“
Most potions and tinctures of the quacks consisted mainly of common drinking alcohol, such as brandy. This was often mixed with various herbs, opium and in some cases cocaine.[5]
Nahm man ein solches Gebräu zu sich, verschaffte das meist eine Linderung der Symptome, da Opium bspw. wie ein starkes Schmerzmittel wirkte. Jedoch wurde damit nicht im geringsten die Ursache der jeweiligen Krankheit kuriert. Schließlich versprachen die Mixturen nicht nur gegen den „einfachen Schnupfen“ zu helfen, sondern maßten sich an, auch gegen komplexe Krankheitsbilder zu wirken.[2, 3]
Especially the use of opium was by no means new at that time, but found a wide use until the early 19th century, also in medicine. Besides the pain-killing effect, it helped against diarrhea and aided a good sleep.[4]
Opium in a pharmacist's container (left) and as a plant in the wild (right).
However, the side effects of an incorrect dosage or prolonged ingestion were devastating: from weight loss due to lack of appetite, through muscle pain, to death by respiratory paralysis. It was also common for consumers of the tinctures to become addicted. The ingestion could also have a severe effect on the mental state, accompanied by strong personality changes, up to apathy.[4]
The German immigrant William Radam, even went so far as to dilute sulfuric acid, which is highly corrosive, with red wine.
Geboren war der „Mikrobenkiller“ Trank, der es laut Aussage Radams ermöglichte, „jede Art von Krankheit zu heilen“.[2, 5]
Both the short-term relief of discomfort and the addiction to alcohol, opium or cocaine were probably reason enough for the products to be consumed regularly. After all, one actually felt better after taking them and felt a certain craving for more of the miraculous medicine. The big awakening, however, probably came when one noticed that the actual illness did not go away or even new complaints were added.[5]

The Medicine Shows
In the American colonies, traveling peddlers appeared before 1772, roaming mainly through rural areas to sell their dubious medicines. In the course of this, a law was passed prohibiting their activities.[5]
Im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts wechselten groß aufgemachte Shows einzelne fahrende Händler ab. Die Darbietungen wurden dabei immer spektakulärer aufgezogen und fanden nicht nur vor Verkaufswagen, sondern stellenweise auch in großen Zelten, sowie Theatersälen statt. Während der Salesman seine potente „Medizin“ anpries, wurde er oftmals von Artisten und Musikern unterstützt. Das fand vor allem bei der ländlichen Bevölkerung großen Anklang, da Unterhaltung in solchem Ausmaß nur rar gesät war.[5]
Historical re-enactment of quacks. Two Rivers Privity in Beaver Creek Valley.
The two largest and probably most successful medicine shows, were Hamlin's Wizard Oil Company and the Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company. Hamlin's Wizard Oil Company had specially designed wagons with built-in organs and additional space for dancers. Posters, fylers, and fancy advertising slogans did the rest.[6]
Poster of Hamlin's Wizard Oil (1890).
Die Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company übte eine Show ein, die auf vorgetäuschten Zeremonien der American Natives zurückgriff. Falsche Repräsentanten des durchaus echten Stammes übersetzten für die Natives und verkauften „Sagwa“, die wohl bekannteste Quacksalber-Medizin seiner Zeit.[5, 7]

How the quack was caught
In the Netherlands, the first association against quackery was founded in 1881, making it the oldest of its kind. The Netherlands was also one of the first countries to regulate medicine through the state.[2]
In the USA, the Boston Medical And Surgical Journal wrote in 1875:
If Satan has ever succeeded in compressing a greater amount of concentrated mendacity into one set of human bodies above every other description, it is in the advertising quacks.
Tinkturen mit ausbleibender Wirkung für eine Krankheit, wurden unter der Bevölkerung bald allgemein als „Snake Oil“ bezeichnet. Der Begriff geht unter anderem auf Clark Stanley’s Snake Oil Liniment zurück, meint jedoch breit gefächert die wirkungslosen Elixiere der Quacksalber.[2]
Clark Stanley’s Snake Oil Liniment (ca. 1905).
Jedoch waren auch nicht alle dieser Medikamente wirkungslos. Turlington’s Balsam of Life beispielsweise hatte tatsächlich auch positive Eigenschaften. Bis in das frühe 19. Jahrhundert wurde das Medikament unter diesem Namen verkauft und ist in den britischen und amerikanischen Arzneibüchern als „Zusammengesetzte Tinktur aus Benzoin“ zu finden. Man geht jedoch davon aus, dass die Entdeckung der Vorteile des Balsams lediglich ein Zufall war und erst im Nachhinein bekannt wurden.[2]
Colton White – Beaver Creek Pioneer








